Tracking COVID-19 across the globe

• Link to: Northwestern Now Story

CHICAGO --- A new COVID-19 global surveillance system has been developed which can dynamically track not just where the virus is now, but where it is going, how fast it will arrive and whether that speed is accelerating.

The new surveillance system, the first to dynamically track the virus, is being rolled out in 195 countries Dec. 3. It also will dynamically track the virus in individual U.S. states and metropolitan areas and in Canadian provinces.

“Now we can easily identify outbreaks at their beginning,” said Lori Post, the co-lead investigator and director of the Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. “You want to know where the pandemic is accelerating, how fast it is moving and how that compares to prior weeks.”

Post, co-lead author James Oehmke of Northwestern, and Charles Moss of the University of Florida developed the novel surveillance system.

“We can inform leaders where the outbreak is occurring before it shows up in overcrowded hospitals and morgues,” Post said. “Current systems are static and ours is dynamic.”

Northwestern is hosting a dashboard for the new COVID tracking system — open to anyone — with the new metrics as well as traditional metrics. Each country’s dashboard will be monitored in every U.S. embassy in the world to inform policy leaders around the globe. Users will have metrics of the whole world at their fingertips.

The new system and the first U.S. surveillance report was published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research on Dec. 3.

The global surveillance app analyzes the virus in the same way the field of economics measures the expansion and contraction of the economy.

“These methods are tried and tested, but this is the first time they are being applied to disease surveillance,” Post said. “We had the model and metrics validated for medical surveillance and published. We know they work.”

The project is named GASSP (GlobAl Sars-Co2 Surveillance Project).

Existing surveillance can’t identify pandemic shifts or signal a coming outbreak

Existing surveillance, which hasn’t changed much in 50 years, measures the caseload in terms of new and cumulative deaths and infections. It doesn’t identify significant shifts in the pandemic or sound the alarm when there is concerning acceleration of disease transmission signaling an outbreak.

The surveillance system can help U.S. embassies and missions support partnering countries to formulate and implement policies that mitigate COVID-19 or adverse outcomes such as food insecurity, and understand which policies are working best. 

These new metrics also can help developed countries and their health systems prepare for swift changes in the pandemic.

“For example, relative to other countries, the Netherlands is a small country and doesn’t have the same caseload as some larger countries like Spain,” Post said. “But they have alarming signs right now — increased speed, acceleration and positive jerk and that means potential for explosive growth.”

Drilling down to county level to save state economies

In the U.S., if the pulse of one state is bad, the surveillance can drill down into the county level to identify where the problem is originating from. This would enable only the troubled areas to be under strict quarantine masking rules to preserve the state economy, Post said.

Among the surveillance system’s many findings in the U.S.:

• Hawaii, Vermont and Maine have the smallest rate of new daily infections per 100,000 population, but because their speed is accelerating and their persistence remains positive, they need to enforce masking, social distancing, crowd control and hygiene or they could potentially escalate into explosive growth. 

• Wisconsin is a state where the outbreak will likely continue to explode. Wisconsin and California have similar average number of new COVID cases per day with California 6.8 times bigger than Wisconsin. Wisconsin is disproportionately affected by the pandemic, and yet it was California that declared an emergency stay-at-home order.  

• Wyoming has several indicators over the past three weeks indicating their outbreak is going to get much worse.  

Speed isn’t enough, why acceleration and jerk matter

“Speed itself doesn’t tell us enough,” Post said. “We have to know the acceleration and how that compares week to week — jerk — to be prepared for what’s coming in the pandemic. 

Jerk is a measure of increasing acceleration and may help predict the stress the pandemic will place on health care systems. “Jerk can help turn a reactive policy response into a proactive policy response,” said Oehmke, adjunct professor of emergency medicine at Northwestern. Jerk is a physics term, Oehmke said, because until now the concept did not exist in the public health nomenclature. 

“If you are the governor of New York, it is not helpful to prevent future outbreaks by looking at how many people already were infected by the novel coronavirus,” Post said. “You want to know what is going on now and what are likely scenarios in the near future. By looking at speed, acceleration and jerk, we can inform leaders where the outbreak is occurring before it shows up in overcrowded hospitals and morgues.”

The system also controls for incomplete data using state-of-the-art statistical methods. Existing surveillance picks up severe cases, Post said, so in the case of COVID, those numbers likely only represent 10% to 20% of caseload.

“We are like air traffic controllers”

“We are picking up the dynamic characteristics of the pandemic,” Post said. “Pandemics move around and change. We are like air traffic controllers guiding in an airplane during a thunderstorm. The pilot can’t see. They don’t know where to go — they need information. We have to guide that plane on instruments. Analogously, we need to inform public health leaders when there are significant shifts to the pandemic.” 

Persistence — an echo effect forward — is equally important to pandemic surveillance.

“The persistence effect measures the likelihood people newly presenting last week infected others who will present with COVID-19 this week, who are infecting others who will present next week, and so on,” Oehmke said. “To flatten the curve and end the pandemic, we need to reduce the persistence effect and eventually bring it to zero — that has to be a key policy objective.”  

While persistence effects are known in financial market analysis, their application to pandemics is new.

The researchers have written papers about the COVID-19 pandemic from 12 global regions of the world. Two foundational papers published in JMIR analyzed U.S. data, then surveillance papers analyzed sub-Sahara Africa, South Asia and now the third surveillance paper from the U.S. 

For developing countries included in the dashboard, analysis is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development. Davee Innovations Research Endowment is funding developed nations’ surveillance.

The paper is titled: “The Global SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance Project: Policy, Persistence and Transmission.”